summary
Overall, plants and animals share similar parts of the cells, including mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and smooth and rough ER. Although, plant cells contain chloroplasts and cell walls while animals don't have either. Animals contain centrioles that aren't present in most plants. Prokaryotes are very simple organisms compared to plants and animals, but both plants and some prokaryotes, such as bacteria, contain cell walls that help maintain structure for the cell.
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THe PRokaryotic CEll
Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleoid that isn't membrane bound, where genetic material like DNA is stored. Ribosomes are located loosely in cytoplasm and synthesize proteins.
Most bacterial cells contain cell wall surrounded by a capsule. The capsule protects the cell from being engulfed by eukaryotes and enhances the ability of bacteria to spread disease. Plasmids are DNA molecules separate from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. Pili are hairlike parts on the capsule that are important for gene transfer and attachment to surfaces.
Flagellum are tail-like projections that function in locomotion.
Most bacterial cells contain cell wall surrounded by a capsule. The capsule protects the cell from being engulfed by eukaryotes and enhances the ability of bacteria to spread disease. Plasmids are DNA molecules separate from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. Pili are hairlike parts on the capsule that are important for gene transfer and attachment to surfaces.
Flagellum are tail-like projections that function in locomotion.
the Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotes are highly compartmentalized and contain specialized organelles that enhance the range of metabolic functions and provide localized environments for biochemical reactions.
The nucleus and nucleolus contain the genetic material that contain instructions for nearly all of processes require to maintain the cell. RNA is synthesized within the nucleus through the process of transcription, and mRNA carries the genetic material into the cytoplasm. The ribosome translates information from RNA in order to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm and are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which lies along the surface of the nucleus. The rough ER primarily synthesizes membrane-bound proteins. The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and metabolizes carbohydrates. The Golgi apparatus serves as a "post office", where proteins created from the ER are sorted out and packaged and are shipped to their designated locations. Lysosomes can break down all four types of macromolecules and excretes the digested material into or out of the cell.
Peroxisomes are micro bodies bound by a single membrane that help degrade lipids and detoxify active oxygen species.
Mitochondria are double membrane organelles that perform cellular respiration and generate ATP. Centrioles help the animal cell and some lower plants divide the cell efficiently during mitosis and meiosis.
The nucleus and nucleolus contain the genetic material that contain instructions for nearly all of processes require to maintain the cell. RNA is synthesized within the nucleus through the process of transcription, and mRNA carries the genetic material into the cytoplasm. The ribosome translates information from RNA in order to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm and are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which lies along the surface of the nucleus. The rough ER primarily synthesizes membrane-bound proteins. The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and metabolizes carbohydrates. The Golgi apparatus serves as a "post office", where proteins created from the ER are sorted out and packaged and are shipped to their designated locations. Lysosomes can break down all four types of macromolecules and excretes the digested material into or out of the cell.
Peroxisomes are micro bodies bound by a single membrane that help degrade lipids and detoxify active oxygen species.
Mitochondria are double membrane organelles that perform cellular respiration and generate ATP. Centrioles help the animal cell and some lower plants divide the cell efficiently during mitosis and meiosis.
CYTOSKELETON AND CELL SURFACE
The cytoskeleton helps the cell move around the environment and mediates intracellular movement between cell parts through three main structural components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules help with cell motility (cilia and flagellum) and serves as tracks for organelle movement. Microfilaments also help with cell motility (pseudopodia) and form the cleavage furrow in animal cells. Intermediate filaments provide structural support for the cell and anchors the nucleus and other organelles. Plant cell walls contain cellulose, while fungal cell walls and bacterial cells contain chitin and NAM-NAG, respectively. Animal cells have three types of cell junctions. Tight junctions occur when two cell membranes are fused together to prevent the movement of solutes. Gap junctions are connections between two cells that allow chemical signals or solutes to pass between them. This is crucial for cell-to-cell communication. Finally, desmosomes are spots where two cells are connected together by keratin-like fibrous proteins.
plant SPecific CEll COmponents
In plant cells, there is a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and helps with water conservation. Cell walls have pores called plasmodesmata that are crucial for cell to cell transport and viral movement. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts, which utilize photons from visible light to generate carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes in plants that break down storage lipids in seeds that store large quantities of oils and lipids. Plant cells contain a large central vacuole which stores organic compounds, inorganic ions, waste products, and water.